The Main Ridge Forest

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The Main Ridge Forest thrive on a mountainous volcanic spine that traverses about two-thirds of the length of our cigar-shaped island from its north-east tip. On one side of the island, the land rises steeply into the hills while, on the other side, it drops sharply to sandy beaches below.

The Main Ridge Forest Reserve is home to a wide variety of flora and fauna, including over 200 species of birds, over 600 species of butterflies, and numerous species of mammals, reptiles, and amphibians. It is also an important watershed that provides drinking water to local communities.

The forest reserve offers numerous hiking trails and nature walks, as well as opportunities for birdwatching and wildlife viewing. The reserve is also an important site for research and education, with several institutions conducting studies on the ecology and biodiversity of the forest.

The Main Ridge Forest Reserve is a crucial component of Tobago’s natural heritage, and its protection and conservation are vital to the island’s future sustainability.

Hailed today as the western hemisphere’s first legally protected tropical rainforest, Tobago’s Main Ridge Forest Reserve had been established in 1765 by the Young Commission well over a century before German botanist Alfred F.W. Schimper coined the term tropische regenwald, or ‘tropical rain forest’ in 1898.

Tobagonians are also justifiably proud of what many consider to be the passage of the world’s first environmental protection act, when on April 13, 1776, after 11 long years of lobbying by English physiologist Stephen Hales and British MP Soame Jenyns, a law was passed protecting Tobago’s Main Ridge Rain forest as a Crown Reserve, saving it from demise due to deforestation by early colonial plantation owners. Were it not for Hales, whose research revealed the symbiotic relationship between forests and rainfall, the plantation owners who plundered the forests for its lumber and cleared it for cultivation would have destroyed not only forest but the island’s vital water resource.

Over two centuries later, with world tropical deforestation estimated putting the destruction or degradation of rainforests at around 100,000 sq. km. (39,000 sq. miles) a year, we are thankful that Tobago’s little slice of rainforest heaven has been protected for over 200 years and will continue to be protected indefinitely. We invite you to explore our lush rainforest – it is our gift to you to explore, wander through and enjoy its many wonders.

RAINFOREST BIODIVERSITY:

South America’s rainforest biodiversity is phenomenal and having once been attached to the mainland, Tobago has benefitted from this natural boon and even shares some species with northern Venezuela that do not exist in Trinidad. It is this diversity and its ease of access

RAINFOREST WILDLIFE

Of the 220-plus species of birds recorded in Tobago, at least 100 may be spotted in the Reserve, and mammalian wildlife such as armadillos, agoutis, wild hogs, red squirrels, raccoons and opossums still roam the forest’s undergrowth. Several bat species, including a piscivorous (fish-eating) bat, also inhabit the forest. The Reserve is also home to a number of non-venomous snakes as well as many lizards and frogs. Insects abound, with many species awaiting discovery.

RAINFOREST VEGETATION

Tobago’s Main Ridge Reserve affords naturalists the rare opportunity to examine the multi-dimensional strata of a tropical rainforest. A closed 30-50 metres (100-165 feet) high canopy umbrellas the rainforest. Its emergent layer has the largest trees, which sometimes protrude over the canopy. Large lianas (or climbers) are common while ferns, palms and slow-growing trees dominate the understory. On the ground layer there is a profusion of seedlings and herbaceous plants as well as a plethora of wild orchids, bromeliads and other epiphytes. Rippling streams and cascading waterfalls add a refreshing dimension to the Reserve.

RAINFOREST IN REREGENERATION

Hurricane Flora – which in 1963 ravaged about 75% of the forest – left a rare opportunity to witness amid the surviving old-growth trees, a rainforest’s re-growth. Over four decades later, Tobago’s rainforest is now a living example of a rainforest regenerating as lush ground vegetation and slender trees emerge in a protected environment. In a century or so, there will be huge trees, a dense canopy and minimal ground vegetation. This form of conservation is indeed rare, especially on such a small accessible island.

RAINFOREST ACCESSIBILITY

Via the Rainforest Reserve Road, from just south of Roxborough to Bloody Bay, a leisurely drive will take you through this mature forested area. Eventually you will reach Gilpin Trace, one of the main trails in the Reserve. Another way to investigate the natural bounty of the rainforest is to take one of the several hiking tours that follow Amerindian trails of old with one of our certified tour guides.

Related Guides

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    Snakes of Tobago

    Tobago has approximately 21 species of non-poisonous snakes recorded on the island. Sizes range from some inches up to 15 feet. Snakes like Boa Constrictors, Ratonels, Horsewhips, Doctor snakes etc. are a common sight in developed areas.

    Although they are not commonly seen by visitors to the island, the snakes of Tobago are generally harmless to humans. Native snakes play an important role in the island’s ecosystem by controlling rodent populations and other small pests.

    One of the most common snakes found on Tobago is the Horse-Whip or brown vine snake (Oxybelis aeneus), which is a slender, arboreal snake that feeds on lizards and small birds.

    It is important to note that while Tobago’s snakes are generally not dangerous to humans, visitors to the island should still take care when exploring natural areas and should avoid disturbing or handling any snakes they may encounter.

    1. Trinidad Burrowing Snake –  Amerotyphlops trinitatus
    2.  Boa Constrictor – Macajuel – boa constrictor
    3. Tree Boa – Cascabel – Corallus ruschenbergerii
    4. Rainbow Boa – Epicrates maurus
    5. Tobago false Coral – Erythrolamprus ocellatus
    6. Doctor Snake – Erythrolamprus melanotus
    7.  Ratonel – Pseudoboa neuwiedii
    8. Royal ground snake – Erythrolamprus reginae
    9. false coral – Oxyrhopus petolarius
    10. Tobago one-lined snake – Atractus cf. univittatus
    11. Three-lined ground snake – Atractus trilineatus
    12. Fiddle-string snake – Imantodes cenchoa
    13. Cat-eyed snake – Imantodes cenchoa
    14. Red-nape snake – Ninia atrata
    15. Clouded snake – Sibon nebulatus
    16. Black snake – Drymarchon couperi
    17. Parrot snake – Leptophis ahaetulla
    18. Machete – Mastigodryas boddaerti dunni
    19. Horsewhip – Oxybelis aeneus
    20. Tigre – Spilotes pullatus
    21. Black-head snake – Tantilla melanocephala
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    October Carnival

    Tobago Carnival is an annual festival held on the island of Tobago. The carnival takes place in the month of october each year.

    The Tobago Carnival is a vibrant celebration of music, dance, and culture, with a focus on the island’s unique traditions and heritage. The festival features colorful costumes, lively music, and energetic dance performances, with participants taking to the streets to dance and celebrate.

    Although the Tobago Carnival is a smaller and more traditional version of the larger Trinidad Carnival, which takes place on the neighboring island of Trinidad. The October Tobago Carnival still attracts a large number of visitors and locals each year, with events including calypso competitions, steelpan performances, and a grand parade.

    One of the highlights of the Tobago Carnival is the traditional J’Ouvert celebration, which takes place in the early hours of the morning. During J’Ouvert, participants cover themselves in mud, paint, and powder as they dance through the streets to the beat of steel drums and soca music.

    The Tobago Carnival is a lively and colorful celebration of Tobago’s culture and heritage, and is a must-see event for anyone visiting the island during the Carnival season.

  • Lizards of Tobago

    Tobago is home to several species of lizards, which play an important role in the island’s ecosystem. Some of the most commonly found lizards in Tobago include:

    1. Tobago Gecko: This species of gecko is endemic to Tobago and is only found on the island. They are usually found in the forested areas and can grow up to 5 inches long.
    2. Common House Gecko: This species is not native to Tobago but has been introduced to the island. They are typically found in and around human habitation and are often seen around lights at night.
    3. Green Iguana: This large species of iguana can grow up to 6 feet long and is found throughout Tobago. They are often seen in trees and can be identified by their distinctive green color.
    4. Anole Lizards: Tobago is home to several species of anole lizards, including the crested anole and the knight anole. These lizards are known for their ability to change color and are often found in the forested areas of the island.

    Overall, Tobago’s lizards play an important role in the island’s ecosystem and are an interesting and unique aspect of its wildlife. However, it is important to respect and protect these creatures and their habitats to ensure their continued survival.

  • Forts

    Tobago has a rich history, and as a result, there are several forts located on the island that were built to defend against colonial powers. Some of the most notable forts in Tobago include:

    1. Fort King George: Built in the 18th century, Fort King George is the largest and most well-preserved fort in Tobago. It offers spectacular views of the island and the Caribbean Sea, and it now houses the Tobago Museum and the National Archives.
    2. Fort Bennett: Located on a cliff overlooking the Caribbean Sea, Fort Bennett was built in the 17th century by the Dutch to defend against attacks from the French. It is now a popular spot for visitors to take in the breathtaking views of the sea and the surrounding coastline.
    3. Fort James: Built in the early 18th century, Fort James was constructed by the British to defend against attacks by the French. Today, it is a popular spot for hiking and bird watching, as well as for taking in the scenic views of the coastline.
    4. Fort Granby: Located on a hill overlooking Great Courland Bay, Fort Granby was built in the 18th century by the French to defend against the British. It offers stunning views of the bay and the surrounding countryside.
    5. Fort Milford: Built in the late 18th century by the British, Fort Milford is located on a hill overlooking Scarborough and the Atlantic Ocean. Today, it is a popular spot for visitors to take in the panoramic views of the town and the sea.

    Overall, Tobago’s forts offer a glimpse into the island’s rich history and provide visitors with stunning views of the coastline and surrounding countryside. They are well worth a visit for anyone interested in history or looking for a unique perspective on the island.

  • Butterflies of Tobago

    Tobago is home to a diverse range of butterfly species. Some of the most commonly observed species on the island include:

    1. The Blue Emperor (Morpho peleides): This large butterfly is known for its brilliant blue wings, which are often visible from great distances. It is found in forested areas throughout Tobago.
    2. The Postman (Heliconius melpomene): This striking butterfly has black wings with bright orange spots and a red stripe. It is found throughout Tobago in a variety of habitats.
    3. The Zebra Longwing (Heliconius charithonia): This species has long, narrow wings that are black with white stripes. It is found in forested areas and gardens throughout Tobago.
    4. The Common Buckeye (Junonia coenia): This butterfly has brown wings with large eyespots that resemble the eyes of a deer. It is found in a variety of habitats throughout Tobago.
    5. The White Peacock (Anartia jatrophae): This species has white wings with black and orange markings. It is found in open areas and gardens throughout Tobago.

    These are just a few of the many butterfly species that can be found on Tobago. The island’s diverse range of habitats, from forested areas to open fields and gardens, provide a home to a wide variety of butterfly species.

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    Hillsborough Reservoir

    Hillsborough Reservoir, which was commissioned in May 1952, by His Excellency Sir Hubert Elvin Rance, then Governor of Trinidad and Tobago, is the only impounding reservoir in Tobago.

    The reservoir is located 870 feet above sea level, Hillsborough has a rustic beauty and an elegantly designed spillway which provides a safety outlet when the reservoir is too full. The reservoir has a maximum storage capacity of 1.02 million m³ and the water treatment plant located just below can produce up to 9,091m3 per day.
    Water from the reservoir serves areas such as Mt. St. George, Concordia, Whim, Mary’s Hill, Union and Les Coteaux.

    The raw water from the reservoir passes through two strainers that clear the incoming water of large debris such as branches, twigs and leaves before entering the chemical house. Aluminium sulphate (alum) is added to make the suspended particles of silt and mud in the water coagulate and form large and heavier particles that sink to the bottom of the sedimentation (or settling) basins. The water is then filtered through layers of sand and gravel, a process that removes fine particles still in the water. The final stage of the water treatment process is the addition of lime, to counteract the acidity of the water and the injection of chlorine to destroy any disease-causing bacteria.

    Construction of the Hillsborough Dam significantly changed the landscape but the catchment area and the reservoir still teem with an abundance of wildlife and a variety of flora.
    There are twenty-eight (28) species of birds documented at Hillsborough which will excite the interest of any bird watcher.

    WASA

    pictures of hillsborough dam in Tobago